Eating habits: what foods do children between 12 and 36 months consume?

OBJECTIVE: to identify toddlers' eating habits. METHOD: a cross-sectional study of quantitative analysis, with a sample of 808 toddlers who attended day care centers in the district of Viseu, Portugal, between November 2018 and September 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire directed at parents. RESULTS: the prevalence of children who ate six meals a day was 42.8%, and 42.5%, those who ate five meals. It was found that 2.0% of children consumed chocolates, 1.0%, desserts, and 0.4%, carbonated beverages, daily. On average, dairy product (M=5.61; SD=2.62) and meat/fish/egg (M=4.80; SD=3.57) consumption was higher than recommended, while fat (M=0.48; SD=0.40), legume (M=0.49; SD=0.45), vegetable (M=1.18; SD=0.87) and water (M=0 .51; SD=0.29) consumption was lower. CONCLUSIONS: there was a higher or lower consumption than recommended for some foods, highlighting the need to implement nursing intervention programs aimed at promoting healthy eating habits in toddlers and families.

Eating habits: what foods do children between 12 and 36 months consume? / Hábitos alimentarios: ¿qué alimentos consumen los niños de 12 a 36 meses? / Hábitos alimentares: que alimentos consomem as crianças dos 12 aos 36 meses?

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify toddlers' eating habits. Method: a cross-sectional study of quantitative analysis, with a sample of 808 toddlers who attended day care centers in the district of Viseu, Portugal, between November 2018 and September 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire directed at parents. Results: the prevalence of children who ate six meals a day was 42.8%, and 42.5%, those who ate five meals. It was found that 2.0% of children consumed chocolates, 1.0%, desserts, and 0.4%, carbonated beverages, daily. On average, dairy product (M=5.61; SD=2.62) and meat/fish/egg (M=4.80; SD=3.57) consumption was higher than recommended, while fat (M=0.48; SD=0.40), legume (M=0.49; SD=0.45), vegetable (M=1.18; SD=0.87) and water (M=0 .51; SD=0.29) consumption was lower. Conclusions: there was a higher or lower consumption than recommended for some foods, highlighting the need to implement nursing intervention programs aimed at promoting healthy eating habits in toddlers and families.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los hábitos alimentarios de los niños pequeños. Método: estudio transversal con análisis cuantitativo, con una muestra de 808 niños pequeños que asistieron a guarderías en el distrito de Viseu, Portugal, entre noviembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. La recopilación de datos utilizó un cuestionario dirigido a los padres. Resultados: la prevalencia de niños que hacían seis comidas al día fue de 42,8%, y de 42,5%, los que hacían cinco comidas. Se encontró que el 2,0% de los niños consumía chocolates, el 1,0% postres dulces y el 0,4% bebidas carbonatadas diariamente. En promedio, el consumo de productos lácteos (M=5,61; DE=2,62) y carne/pescado/huevos (M=4,80; DE=3,57) fue superior al recomendado, mientras que el consumo de grasas (M=0,48; DE=0,40), legumbres (M=0,49; DE=0,45), hortalizas (M=1,18; DE=0,87) y agua (M=0,51; DE=0,29) fue menor. Conclusiones: hubo un consumo superior o inferior al recomendado para algunos alimentos, destacando la necesidad de implementar programas de intervención de enfermería dirigidos a promover hábitos alimentarios saludables en los toddles y las familias.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os hábitos alimentares dos toddlers. Método: estudo transversal de análise quantitativa, com amostra de 808 toddlers que frequentavam creches do distrito de Viseu, Portugal, entre novembro de 2018 e setembro de 2019. Realizou-se coleta de dados com um questionário direcionado aos pais. Resultados: a prevalência de crianças que diariamente realizavam seis refeições era de 42,8%, e 42,5%, as que realizavam cinco refeições. Constatou-se que 2,0% das crianças consumia chocolates, 1,0%, sobremesas doces, e 0,4%, bebidas gaseificadas, diariamente. Em média, o consumo de laticínios (M=5,61; DP=2,62) e de carnes/peixes/ovos (M=4,80; DP=3,57) era superior ao recomendado, enquanto o consumo de gorduras (M=0,48; DP=0,40), leguminosas (M=0,49; DP=0,45), vegetais (M=1,18; DP=0,87) e de água (M=0,51; DP=0,29) era inferior. Conclusões: verificou-se um consumo superior ou inferior ao recomendado para alguns alimentos, salientando a necessidade de implementação de programas de intervenção de enfermagem que visam promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis nos toddlers e famílias.

Tradução e validação da escala SABIS para a população portuguesa / Translation and validation of the SABIS for the Portuguese population / Traducción y validación de la escala SABIS para la población portuguesa

Resumo Enquadramento: O sofrimento causado pelos vários tratamentos do cancro de mama, interferem na autoimagem da mulher e na sexualidade do casal. Objetivo: Traduzir, adaptar e validar a escala SABIS para as mulheres com cancro da mama. Metodologia: Estudo psicométrico, onde as escalas foram analisadas através da validade aparente de conteúdo da consistência interna, da análise fatorial exploratória, confirmatória, validade convergente e validade discriminante. Resultados: A escala de imagem corporal obteve uma estrutura bifatorial e a escala de ajustamento sexual uma solução trifatorial com variabilidades de 80,02% e 83,5% respetivamente. A analise fatorial confirmatória certificou a estrutura bifatorial da primeira escala, e revelou uma estrutura unifatorial da segunda. Ambas as escalas apresentam bons índices de ajustamento global. Conclusão: As propriedades psicométricas desta versão da SABIS são semelhantes às da versão original. Por conseguinte, é um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliar a imagem corporal e o ajustamento sexual das mulheres portuguesas com cancro da mama.

Abstract Background: The suffering caused by breast cancer treatments interferes with women's self-image and the couple's sexuality. Objective: To translate, adapt and validate SABIS Scale for women with breast cancer. Methodology: Psychometric study. Each scale was analyzed through face validity, content validity, internal consistency, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Results: The Body Image Scale obtained a two-factor structure and the Sexual Adjustment Scale a three-factor solution, with a variance of 80.02% and 83.5%, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the first scale and revealed a one-factor structure for the second scale. Both scales showed good fit indices. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of this version of the SABIS are similar to those of the original version. Therefore, it is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the body image and sexual adjustment of Portuguese women with breast cancer.

Resumen Marco contextual: El sufrimiento provocado por los distintos tratamientos del cáncer de mama interfiere en la autoimagen de la mujer y en la sexualidad de la pareja. Objetivo: Traducir, adaptar y validar la escala SABIS, para mujeres con cáncer de mama. Metodología: Estudio psicométrico, cuyas escalas se analizaron teniendo en cuenta la validez aparente de contenido de la consistencia interna, el análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y la validez convergente y discriminante. Resultados: La escala de imagen corporal obtuvo una estructura bifactorial y la escala de ajuste sexual una solución trifactorial con variabilidades del 80,02% y el 83,5% respectivamente. El análisis factorial confirmatorio certificó la estructura bifactorial de la primera escala y mostró una estructura unifactorial de la segunda. Ambas escalas presentan buenos índices de ajuste global. Conclusión: Las propriedades psicométricas de esta versión del SABIS son similares a las de la versión original. Por lo tanto, es un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la imagen corporal y la adaptación sexual de las mujeres portuguesas con cáncer de mama.

Padrão de sono em crianças de 12 a 36 meses de idade / Patrón del sueño de niños de 12 a 36 meses de edad / Sleep pattern in children aged 12 to 36 months age

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o padrão de sono de crianças de 12 a 36 meses. Método Estudo transversal, realizado em uma amostra de 808 crianças com 12-36 meses de idade, que frequentavam creches no distrito de Viseu, Portugal. Coleta de dados realizada por meio de questionário aplicado aos pais, entre novembro de 2018 e setembro de 2019. Estudo aprovado pela comissão de ética do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Portugal. Resultados Verificou-se que durante a semana as crianças dormiam, por dia, entre 9h 30m e 18h (M=12h 25m ±1h 02m) e no fim de semana, entre 9h e 19h (M=12h 49m ±1h 15m). No fim de semana, as crianças deitavam-se e acordavam mais tarde que à semana (M=21h 42m ±40m, M=8h 15m ±50m, respetivamente). A maioria não dormia a sesta da manhã, somente a da tarde. Conclusão Os resultados indicam que a maioria das crianças (91,5% semana; 85,6% fim de semana) dorme o número de horas recomendado. As mais novas são as que dormem mais. Implicações para a prática É importante que, nas consultas de vigilância de saúde, os enfermeiros realizem educação para a saúde direcionada aos pais sobre a relevância de manter um padrão de sono adequado à criança.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el patrón de sueño de niños de 12 a 36 meses. Método Estudio transversal, realizado en una muestra de 808 niños de 12 a 36 meses que asistían a guarderías en el distrito de Viseu, Portugal. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante cuestionario aplicado a padres entre noviembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética del Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Portugal. Resultados Se encontró que en los días laborables los niños dormían, por día, entre 9h 30m y 18h (M=12h 25m ±1h 02m) y los fines de semana entre 9h y 19h (M=12h 49m ±1h 15m). Los fines de semana los niños se acostaban y se despertaban más tarde que en la semana (M=21h 42m ±40m, M=8h 15m ±50m, respectivamente). La mayoría no dormía la siesta por la mañana, pero sí por la tarde. Conclusión Los resultados indican que la mayoría de los niños (91,5% en días laborables, 85,6% en fines de semana) duermen el número de horas recomendado. Los más pequeños son los que más duermen. Implicaciones para la práctica Es importante que, en las consultas de vigilancia de la salud infantil, las enfermeras brinden educación sanitaria a los padres sobre la importancia de mantener un patrón de sueño adecuado a la edad del niño.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the sleep pattern in children aged 12 to 36 months. Method Cross-sectional study, carried out in a sample of 808 children aged 12-36 months who attended day care centers in the district of Viseu, Portugal. The data was collected through a questionnaire applied to parents between November 2018 and September 2019. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Portugal. Results The children were found to sleep between 9 h 30 min and 18 h (M=12 h 25 min ±1 h 02 min) per day during the week and between 9 h and 19 h (M=12 h 49 min ±1 h 15 min) on weekends. The children went to bed and woke up later on weekends than during the week (M=21 h 42 min ±40 min, M=8 h 15 min ±50 min, respectively). Most did not take morning naps, but only afternoon naps. Conclusion The results indicate that most children (91.5% on weekdays; 85.6% on the weekend) sleep the recommended number of hours. The youngest are the ones who sleep the most. Implications for practice It is important that, during child health surveillance consultations, nurses provide health education to parents about the importance of maintaining a sleep pattern that is adequate for their child's age.

Construção e validação de um objeto de aprendizagem para enfermeiros / Construction and validation of a learning object for nurses

In today's societies, health care is increasingly culturally diverse due to the increasing migratory processes of the population and nurses. Therefore, it is necessary to train nurses to provide culturally competent care. Learning objects are didactic, multimedia, interactive and challenging materials that constitute relevant resources for the teaching-learning processes that go beyond the classroom. In many countries, in nursing education, they are still an innovative way of learning. The study was developed as part of the international project Developing Multimedia Learning for Cross-Cultural Collaboration and Competence in Nursing - TransCoCon, (ERASMUS + Program, contract: 2017-1-UK01-KA203-36612) and aimed to build and validate a learning object that supports the learning of transcultural competences, necessary in nursing care. The learning object developed is subordinated to the theme of admission of a client in a hospital. For its development, the following steps were followed: choice of content; analyze; conceptual map; navigational architecture; storyboard; Implementation; documentation of use; use, evaluation and maintenance. As a result of the work developed, we obtained the learning object "Admission to hospital" and its Portuguese version "Acolhimento do Cliente num Hospital". Both versions include a set of written supportive material for cross-cultural nursing care in hospital and illustrative videos of cross-cultural communication skills. The adopted methodology proved to be effective for the construction of an attractive, interactive and meaningful learning object for nursing students, nurses and nursing teachers

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Parental perception of toddlers body image

Currently, weight disorders, have reached a large part of the world population.Obesity in children, including toddlers, is a serious public health problem. There are many parents who do not recognize their children's overweight/obesity and toddlers parents of are less likely to recognize this problem. It is known that identifying overweight/obesity is critical to implementing pre-vention strategies and interventions as early as possible. We carried out a descriptive study of quantitative approach. It was applied: "Toddler Silhouette Scale" to parents of toddlers who attend day care centers in located the district of Viseu, Portugal. Data processed using IBM-SPSS24. It was concluded that 83.3% of the parents reported that their child had normal weight, 13.3% underweight and 3.3% overweight. Regarding the silhouette that they consider ideal, the totality of the parents, select silhouettes referring to the normal weight. In the evaluation of the current silhouette of the child, 6.7% opts for the image 1 (low Weight) and 3.3% for the image 6 (overweight), all the others select images of normal weight. According to the weight records of the individual health report, 3.3% of the children were underweight, 10% overweight and 6.7% obese. Our results corroborate those of the author of the scale who concluded that most parents correctly identify the silhouette that matches their child's actual weight. A study carried out in Portugal, revealed an absence of parental perception about the excess weight of the children

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Preparing for childbirth: women's look

Introduction: Childbirth preparation is a form of health intervention education per-formed by specialist nurses in maternal health and obstetrics aimed at promoting self-efficacy during labour. In planning an efficient childbirth education intervention, it is essential that nurses know the pregnant women's/couple's expectations on this specific issue. Objectives: To understand the pregnant women's expectations related to preparation for childbirth. Material and Methods: This was an exploratory, transversal study of qualitative nature where data was collected through interviews, after an informed consent was signed. The Bardin technique was applied to data analysis. A non-probability sample of 224 pregnant women was made, all over 20 years of age, with 28 weeks or more of gestation. The majority of participants possessed an advanced degree, were married or living in a marital situation, and were experiencing their first pregnancy. Results: From an analysis of the interviews, three categories emerged: knowledge, ability, and self-efficacy to deal with labour, and seven subcategories. These results corroborate findings of other researchers who have concluded that couples wish to be informed regarding how to prepare for labour, and that this preparation is relevant when the acquired knowledge helps the pregnant woman or couple make decisions and exercise control over their labour experience. Conclusion: The results enabled nurse-midwives to increase their knowledge and understanding of pregnant women's labour preparation expectations and preferences. Knowledge of this variety can assist these professionals in planning effective, quality interventions, which in turn can clearly contribute to gains in health

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Study of the measurement properties of the Portuguese version of the Well-Being Questionnaire12 (W-BQ12) in women with pregnancy loss.

The assessment of well-being can be an important parameter in monitoring the process of mourning. In this study we sought to assess the applicability of the W-BQ12 - Well-Being Questionnaire - in a sample consisting of 74 women between four and six weeks following their respective pregnancy losses, analyzing its measurement capabilities. As proposed by the author, the analysis of the scale's primary components and the discriminating convergent validity confirmed the dimensional structure of three subscales. The scale showed good reliability (global Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.84), and, overall, the items showed a good correlation with the corresponding subscale. Generally speaking, the W-BQ12 showed good discriminative validity when correlated with the PBGS - Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale. This tool, applied to this study, was found to be both reliable and valid for use by nurses in assessing the well-being of women who have experienced this type of loss.

Study of the measurement properties of the Portuguese Version of the Well-Being Questionnaire12 (W-BQ12) in women with pregnancy loss / Estudo das propriedades métricas da versão portuguesa para Portugal do Well-Being Questionnaire12 (W-BQ12) em mulheres com perda de gravidez / Estudio de las propiedades de mensuración de la versión portuguesa del Cuestionario de Bienestar12 (W-BQ12) en mujeres con pérdida del embarazo

The assessment of well-being can be an important parameter in monitoring the process of mourning. In this study we sought to assess the applicability of the W-BQ12 - Well-Being Questionnaire - in a sample consisting of 74 women between four and six weeks following their respective pregnancy losses, analyzing its measurement capabilities. As proposed by the author, the analysis of the scale's primary components and the discriminating convergent validity confirmed the dimensional structure of three subscales. The scale showed good reliability (global Cronbach's Alpha coefficient = 0.84), and, overall, the items showed a good correlation with the corresponding subscale. Generally speaking, the W-BQ12 showed good discriminative validity when correlated with the PBGS - Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale. This tool, applied to this study, was found to be both reliable and valid for use by nurses in assessing the well-being of women who have experienced this type of loss.

A avaliação do bem-estar pode constituir um dos parâmetros importantes na monitorização do processo de luto. Neste estudo, pretendeu-se avaliar a aplicabilidade do W-BQ12 - Questionário de Bem-estar - numa amostra de 74 mulheres, entre as quatro e as seis semanas pós-perda de gravidez, analisando as suas capacidades de mensuração. A análise de componentes principais e da validade convergente/discriminante dos itens permitiu confirmar a estrutura dimensional de três subescalas, propostas pela autora. A escala evidenciou boa fidelidade (coeficiente alpha de Cronbach global de 0,84). De forma global, os itens apresentaram boa correlação com a subescala correspondente. O W-BQ12 apresentou boa validade convergente quando correlacionado à PBGS - Escala de Avaliação do Luto Perinatal. Pode-se dizer que esse instrumento, neste estudo, mostrou ser medida fidedigna e válida, podendo ser utilizada pelos enfermeiros para avaliar o bem-estar em mulheres com esse tipo de perda.

La evaluación del bienestar puede ser un de los parámetros importantes en el monitoreo del proceso de luto. En este estudio se ha pretendido evaluar la aplicabilidad del W-BQ12 - Cuestionario de Bienestar - en una muestra constituida por 74 mujeres entre las cuatro y las seis semanas después de la pérdida del embarazo, analizando sus capacidades de mensuración. El análisis de componentes principales y la validad convergente discriminante de los ítems permitieron confirmar la estructura dimensional de tres subescalas, propuesta por la autora. La escala evidenció una buena fiabilidad (coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach global de 0,84). De manera global, los ítems presentaron una buena correlación con la subescala correspondiente. El W-BQ12 presentó una buena validad convergente cuando correlacionado con la PBGS - Escala de luto perinatal. Podemos decir que este instrumento, en este estudio, demostró ser una medida fidedigna y válida para ser utilizada por los enfermeros en la evaluación del bienestar en mujeres con este tipo de pérdida.